Efecto de intervención educativa audiovisual en la ansiedad preoperatoria de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgico-anestésicos / Effect of audiovisual educational intervention on preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing surgical-anesthetic procedures

Resumen: Introducción: se ha reportado que el paciente programado para cirugía-anestesia presenta ansiedad, y que esta ansiedad se asocia con peor evolución postoperatoria. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa audiovisual en la ansiedad preoperatoria de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgico-anestésicos. Material y métodos: se realizó un ensayo clínico en pacientes programados para procedimientos quirúrgico-anestésicos, los cuales fueron asignados al grupo de información audiovisual (IA, n = 39) o al grupo información convencional (IC, n = 29) posterior a la firma de consentimiento informado. Se evaluó el efecto de la intervención audiovisual en las escalas APAIS y STAI. El análisis estadístico se realizó en SPSS v.26. Un valor de p < 0.05 se consideró significativo. Resultados: ambos grupos fueron similares en edad, sexo, clasificación ASA y tipo de anestesia. Las puntuaciones APAIS medias fueron 18.3 ± 6.1 en el grupo IC y 16.6 ± 7.3 en el grupo IA (p = 0.326). La puntuación STAI-S media fue 24.0 ± 5.4 puntos en el grupo IC y 34.9 ± 3.2 en el grupo IA (p < 0.001) y la puntuación media STAI-T fue 27.1 ± 2.1 en el grupo IC y de 28.6 ± 2.6 en el grupo IA (p = 0.013). Conclusiones: la intervención educativa audiovisual aumenta significativamente el nivel de ansiedad de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgico-anestésicos.

Abstract: Introduction: it has been reported that the patient scheduled for surgery-anesthesia presents anxiety, and that this anxiety is associated with a worse post-operative evolution. Objective: to evaluate the effect of an audiovisual educational intervention on the preoperative anxiety of patients undergoing surgical-anesthetic procedures. Material and methods: a randomized clinical trial was conducted in patients scheduled for surgical-anesthetic procedures, who were assigned to the audiovisual information group (IA, n = 39) or to the conventional information group (CI, n = 29) after they signed informed consent. The effect of the audiovisual intervention on the APAIS and STAI scores was evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS v.26. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: both groups were similar in age, sex, ASA classification and type of anesthesia. The mean APAIS scores were 18.3 ± 6.1 in the IC group and 16.6 ± 7.3 in the IA group (p = 0.326). The mean STAI-S score was 24.0 ± 5.4 points in the CI group and 34.9 ± 3.2 in the IA group (p < 0.001), and the mean STAI-T score was 27.1 ± 2.1 in the CI group and 28.6 ± 2.6 in the CI group. group IA (p = 0.013). Conclusions: the audiovisual educational intervention significantly increases the level of anxiety of patients undergoing surgical-anesthetic procedures.

Intervención educativa sobre la esteatosis hepática no alcohólica en los pacientes expuestos a factores de riesgos

La esteatosis hepática no alcohólica es un padecimiento poco reconocido a pesar de ser la enfermedad del hígado más frecuente en el mundo. El documento actual deriva de un estudio cuasi experimental y tiene el objetivo exponer elementos de la estrategia de intervención educativa dirigida a potenciar el nivel de información sobre la esteatosis hepática no alcohólica en pacientes expuestos a factores de riesgo, pertenecientes al consultorio 2 del Policlínico de Combatientes del Ministerio del Interior durante el período 2020-2021. El universo estuvo constituido por 93 adultos y se extrajo una muestra de 60 pacientes. Se emplearon métodos de la investigación científica en el área de las ciencias médicas. Antes de la intervención existía pobre conocimiento sobre la definición, factores de riesgo, complicaciones y prevención de la enfermedad, lo que se logró revertir una vez aplicada la misma. Se concluyó que la aplicación de la intervención resultó ser efectiva.

The esteatosis hepatic non alcoholic is a not very grateful suffering in spite of being the illness of the most frequent liver in the world. The document current drift of a quasi experimental study and he/she has the objective to not expose elements of the strategy of educational intervention directed to potenciar the level of information on the hepatic esteatosis alcoholic in exposed patients to factors of risk, belonging to the clinic 2 of the Policlínico of Combatants of the Ministry of the Interior during the period 2020-2021. The universe was constituted by 93 adults and a sample of 60 patients was extracted. Methods of the scientific investigation were used in the area of the medical sciences. Before the intervention poor knowledge existed on the definition, factors of risk, complications and prevention of the illness, what was possible to revert once applied the same one. You concluded that the application of the intervention turned out to be effective.

Intervención educativa sobre la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de la Defensa Civil / Educational intervention on COVID-19 in the personnel of the Civil Defense Scientific Research Center

Introducción: La COVID-19 creó desafíos sin precedentes para la comunidad y los trabajadores de la salud, por lo que contribuir a incrementar la percepción del riesgo mediante la capacitación fue una premisa elemental en tiempos de la pandemia. Objetivo: La investigación tuvo la finalidad de contribuir a incrementar el conocimiento en aspectos importantes sobre la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de la Defensa Civil. Métodos: Se realizó una evaluación antes y después de la intervención en el período de febrero a abril de 2021. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 trabajadores divididos en dos grupos: 1) investigadores y técnicos; 2) personal de apoyo. La investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas: diagnóstico, intervención y evaluación. Se conformó una base de datos con la información recopilada y para su análisis se empleó el método de comparación de proporciones de las respuestas entre los grupos, antes y después de la evaluación. Se calculó el porcentaje de apropiación de conocimientos con nivel de significación (p < 0,05) y se aplicó el t-Student para muestras dependientes. Resultados: De 50 trabajadores 35 (70 %) eran del sexo femenino; predominó el nivel escolar universitario con un total de 33 (66 %). Se observó un incremento estadísticamente significativo, tanto en la apropiación del conocimiento en ambos grupos, como en las preguntas adecuadas, después de la intervención (p < 0,05); siendo superior en el grupo del personal de apoyo. Conclusiones: La intervención educativa contribuyó a incrementar los conocimientos acerca de la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del centro, lo que tuvo un impacto favorable.

Introduction: COVID-19 created unprecedented challenges for the community and health workers; therefore, contributing to increase risk perception through training was an elementary premise in times of the pandemic. Objective: The research aimed at increasing the knowledge of important aspects of COVID-19 among the personnel of the Civil Defense Scientific Research Center. Methods: An evaluation was carried out before and after the intervention from February to April 2021. The sample consisted of 50 workers divided into two groups: 1) researchers and technicians; 2) support personnel. The research comprised three stages: diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation. A database was created with the information collected. For its analysis, the compare proportions test of responses between the groups, before and after the evaluation, was used. The percentage of knowledge appropriation was calculated with significance level (p < 0.05), and the t-Student was applied for dependent samples. Results: Out of 50 workers, 35 (70%) were female; 33 (66%) had a university education level. A statistically significant increase in both knowledge acquisition and appropriate questions was observed in the groups after the intervention (p < 0.05), which was higher in the support staff group. Conclusions: The educational intervention contributed to increasing knowledge about COVID-19 among the workers of the center, which had a favorable impact.

Recurso audiovisual para el desarrollo de competencias interculturales en salud en estudiantes de enfermería / Audiovisual resources for developing intercultural competences in health in nursing students

Introducción: Se ha reconocido la importancia de los aspectos socioculturales de los individuos en la atención en salud para brindar cuidados centrados en las personas. En este sentido, los profesionales de salud requieren el desarrollo de competencia interculturales. Objetivo: Diseñar una estrategia didáctica a través de un recurso audiovisual para contribuir a la formación de competencia intercultural en salud en estudiantes de enfermería en la asignatura Fundamentos Socioantropológicos. Métodos: Se tuvo en cuenta un diseño no experimental, descriptivo y comparativo. Se elaboró una intervención educativa sobre la base de videos, acompañada de trabajo reflexivo y feedback de profesores, con medición pre- y posintervención, mediante la Escala de Capacidad Cultural. Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 77 respuestas válidas; 91,2 por ciento del género femenino. El 56,1 por ciento no presentaba formación previa en diversidad cultural. Al realizar la evaluación de la competencia intercultural pre- y posintervención, los estudiantes tuvieron un mayor puntaje posintervención (p< 0,05), lo que implicó un aumento en la competencia intercultural de estos. Conclusiones: Es posible contribuir a la formación de competencia intercultural en estudiantes de enfermería mediante videos (AU)

Introduction: The importance of sociocultural aspects of individuals in healthcare has been recognized with respect to providing person-centered care. In this sense, health professionals require the development of intercultural competences. Objective: To design a didactic strategy through an audiovisual resource to contribute to the development of intercultural competences in healthcare in Nursing students in the subject Socioanthropological Foundations. Methods: A nonexperimental, descriptive and comparative design was used. An educational intervention was elaborated upon the basis of videos, accompanied by reflective work and feedback from professors, with pre- and postintervention measurement using the Cultural Capacity Scale. Results: Seventy-seven valid responses were obtained; 91.2 percent belonged to the female gender. 56.1 percent had no previous training in cultural diversity. When performing the pre- and postintervention intercultural competence assessment, the students had a higher postintervention score (p< 0.05), which meant an increase in their intercultural competence. Conclusions: It is possible to contribute to the formation of intercultural competence in Nursing students through videos (AU)

Proposal for Educational Intervention in People Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and in their Family Caregiver

Objective: Design a proposal of educational intervention for both, people who live with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 and their family caregiver. Methodology: Methodology. A case series study was conducted with the participation of 12 people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus and attending a Mutual Help Group in Pachuquilla, Hidalgo. Sociodemographic data, somatometric measurements (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference), blood pressure, and capillary blood samples for glycosylated hemoglobin were collected. Results: The mean age was 64 and range of 39-79 years, O.D. of 12; 67% women; 25% finished secondary school, 50% worked at home, 17% in commerce, 33% unemployed; 58% married, 25% widowed, and 17% divorced and in common law; 33.% with less than 5 years diagnosed, 67% have been diagnosed for more than 5 years; 75% depend economically; 67% have complications, 75% with family support, in diabetes knowledge 33% obtained intermediate score and 67% inadequate score; the weight average was of 77 kg and range of 57-116.5 kg, and O.D. 17 kg; in waist circumference, 100% exceed the recommended limit, in BMI, 50% is classified as overweight and 50% as obese; in blood pressure 50% > 130/80 mmHg and in glycosylated hemoglobin 75% > 7% mg/dl. Conclusion: The currently implemented strategy does not reflect good knowledge and control of the disease. This study invites us to continue with research where an educational intervention is implemented in which family caregivers are included and active participation is encouraged, in addition to implementing the IEP as a theoretical basis for the intervention.

Intervención educativa sobre las neumonías extrahospitalarias en el adulto mayor. Policlínico Docente Mario Muñoz Monroy. 2019-2020

Introducción: las neumonías extrahospitalarias en el anciano son un problema de salud mundial en el marco del envejecimiento poblacional, lo que hace necesario su prevención y diagnóstico precoz. Objetivo: implementar una estrategia de intervención educativa dirigida a elevar los conocimientos sobre el tema, en adultos mayores de 60 años del Consultorio no. 27 del Policlínico Docente Mario Muñoz Monroy. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de tipo intervención educativa, en el municipio Rafael Freyre, de la provincia de Holguín, entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2020. Se trabajó con una muestra de 50 representantes de la comunidad, seleccionados de modo intencional, en los que se indagó su nivel de información sobre el tema antes y después de aplicar la intervención educativa. El método estadístico utilizado fue la prueba de McNemar, utilizando el paquete estadístico SPSS. Resultados: los conocimientos sobre los síntomas y signos de las neumonías extrahospitalarias que fueron evaluados de bueno, se incrementaron de 18 a 80 %, y sobre las medidas preventivas los resultados fueron de 22 a 94 %. El indicador con mejores resultados fue factores de riesgo, donde el valor de la escala de bueno aumentó a 96 % tras la intervención. Conclusiones: la intervención educativa aplicada con la finalidad de elevar los conocimientos de los pacientes mayores de 60 años del Consultorio no. 27 del Policlínico Docente Mario Muñoz Monroy, posibilitó enriquecer su conocimiento sobre las neumonías extrahospitalarias.

Introduction: community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly is a global health problem in the context of population aging, which makes its prevention and early diagnosis necessary. Objective: to implement an educational intervention strategy aimed at increasing knowledge on the subject in elder people over 60 years from the Doctor's Office nr. 27 of the Mario Munoz Monroy Teaching Polyclinic. Materials and methods: a quasi-experimental study of educational intervention type was conducted in the municipality Rafael Freyre, in the province of Holguin, between January 2019 and December 2020. A sample of 50 community representatives, intentionally selected, was worked on to investigate their level of information on the subject before and after applying the educational intervention. The statistical method used was the McNemar's test, using the SPSS statistical package. Results: the knowledge on the symptoms and signs of community-acquired pneumonias that were evaluated as good, increased from 18 to 80%, and on preventive measures the results increased from 22 to 94%. The indicator with the best results was risk factors, where the good value of the scale increased to 96% after the intervention. Conclusions: the educational intervention applied with the aim of increasing the knowledge of patients over 60 years of age from the Doctor's Office nr. 27 of the Mario Muñoz Monroy Teaching Polyclinic, made it possible to enrich their knowledge about community-acquired pneumonias.

Intervención temprana educativa sobre hábitos alimentarios como estrategia de prevención en amas de casa / Educational intervention on eating habits as a prevention strategy in housemakers

Resumen Objetivo: Realizar una intervención temprana educativa, para fortalecer el conocimiento sobre hábitos alimentarios saludables en amas de casa de la Zona Centro de Nuevo Padilla, Tamaulipas, México. Materiales y Métodos: Para poder llegar a la intervención se requirió previamente de un diagnóstico de salud, en el cual se identificaron los factores determinantes, daños, servicios y recursos para la salud. Posteriormente, se propuso realizar una intervención temprana educativa mediante un programa dirigido a amas de casa, impartiendo 3 exposiciones con tópicos selectos de alimentación y nutrición, y 2 talleres prácticos donde participaron 50 amas de casa dentro de la zona de intervención, cuya duración fue de abril a junio 2021. El nivel de conocimiento adquirido previo y posterior de la intervención fue analizado a través una prueba no paramétrica Man-Whitney (P˂0.01), para el análisis de las variables de los conocimientos de hábitos alimentarios saludables del cuestionario, se utilizó un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) (P˂0.0318). Resultados: En el diagnóstico de salud, se identificaron 14 problemas de salud, siendo la dieta inadecuada uno de los principales problemas detectados. Durante la intervención temprana educativa se observó que en el total de las participantes el conocimiento adquirido sobre hábitos alimentarios saludables se incrementó en un 14%. Por su parte, en la aplicación del cuestionario sobre el conocimiento de hábitos alimentarios saludables aumentó principalmente sobre los siguientes puntos: la definición de dieta (72%), grupos de alimentos (14%), propiedades organolépticas (78%), ingesta correcta de agua (30%), la combinación de leguminosas con cereales (6%), consumo moderado de grasas (12%) y alimentos industrializados (26%). Conclusiones: Con la intervención temprana educativa aplicada a las amas de casa se logró aumentar el grado de conocimientos sobre hábitos alimentarios saludables, lo cual contribuirá a llevar un estilo de vida más saludable.

Abstract Objective: To carry out an early educational intervention to strengthen the knowledge about healthy eating habits in homemakers of the Central Zone of Nuevo Padilla, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Materials and Methods: A health diagnosis was required previously applied early educational intervention, in which the determining factors, damages, services and resources for health were identified. Subsequently, it was proposed to carry out an educational intervention through a program aimed at homemakers, giving three presentations with selected topics of food and nutrition and two practical workshops where 50 housewives participated within the intervention area, whose duration was from April to June 2021. The level of knowledge acquired before and after the intervention was analyzed using a Man-Whitney non-parametric test (P˂0.01) for the analysis of the variables of the healthy eating habits knowledge of the questionnaire, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) (P˂0.0318). Results: In the health diagnosis, 14 health problems were identified, being the inadequate diet one of the main problems detected. During the early educational intervention, it was observed that the knowledge acquired about healthy eating habits increased by 14% in all the participants. For its part, in the application of the questionnaire on the knowledge of healthy eating habits, it increased mainly on the following points: the definition of diet (72%), food groups (14%), organoleptic properties (78%), correct intake of water (30%), the combination of legumes with cereals (6%), moderate fat consumption (12%) and industrialized foods (26%). Conclusions: With the early educational intervention applied to homemakers, it was possible to increase the degree of knowledge about healthy eating habits, contributing to leading a healthier lifestyle.

Intervenção educativa sobre prevenção de lesão por pressão: relato de experiência / Educational intervention on prevention of pressure injury: experience report / Intervención educativa sobre prevención de lesiones por presión: informe de experiencia

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de intervenção educativa sobre prevenção de lesão por pressão com profissionais de enfermagem na terapia intensiva. Métodos: Relato de experiência, desenvolvido durante intervenção educativa com 91 profissionais de enfermagem de seis unidades de terapia intensiva na região nordeste, no período de setembro a outubro de 2018, após aprovação ética pelo parecer 2.495.293. Resultados: A intervenção educativa foi pautada na Teoria Construtivista da Aprendizagem Significativa e enfatizou as novas diretrizes da National Pressure Ulcer Advory Painel e discussão de casos clínicos. Realizaram-se 18 encontros de curta duração com participação de 29 enfermeiros e 62 técnicos de enfermagem. Conclusão: A intervenção educativa foi positiva para trabalhar a temática prevenção de lesão por pressão com profissionais de enfermagem. (AU)

Objective: To report the experience of educational intervention on pressure injury prevention with nursing professionals in intensive care. Methods: Experience report, developed in six intensive care units in the northeast region, from September to October 2018, after ethical approval, opinion 2.495.293. Results: The educational intervention was based on the Constructivist Theory of Meaningful Learning and emphasized the new guidelines of the National Pressure Ulcer Advory Panel and discussion of clinical cases. 18 short meetings were held with the participation of 29 nurses and 62 nursing technicians. Conclusion: The educational intervention was positive to work on the prevention of pressure injuries with nursing professionals. (AU)

Objetivo: Informar la experiencia de intervención educativa sobre prevención de lesiones por presión con profesionales de enfermería en cuidados intensivos. Metodos: Informe de experiencia, desarrollado en seis unidades de cuidados intensivos en la región noreste, de septiembre a octubre de 2018, después de la aprobación ética, opinión 2.495.293. Resultados: La intervención educativa se basó en la Teoría Constructivista del Aprendizaje Significativo y enfatizó las nuevas pautas del Panel Asesor Nacional sobre Úlceras por Presión y la discusión de casos clínicos. Se realizaron 18 reuniones cortas con la participación de 29 enfermeras y 62 técnicos de enfermería. Conclusión: La intervención educativa fue positiva para trabajar en la prevención de lesiones por presión con profesionales de enfermería. (AU)

Impact of Midwife-led Supportive Educational Intervention on Perinatal Outcome among Fearful Primipara Mothers

The aim of the study was to develop and assess the effect of supportive-educational intervention on perinatal outcome among primipara mothers with a fear of childbirth. This randomised controlled trial was conducted on 205 primipara mothers with a fear of childbirth attending a Gynae OPD. At 24-28 weeks of pregnancy primipara mothers were screened for fear of childbirth WDEQ-A and then randomly allocated to experimental and control group. Within one week of delivery perinatal outcome was assessed with help of self-made checklist. After the interventions, there were signi cant differences between groups on post-intervention scores for term of delivery and newborn birth weight at p'lt;0.001. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that supportive educational intervention was effective in primipara mothers for positive birth outcome.

Intervención educativa sobre la diabetes tipos 2 en una población sin hogar de Miami-Dade / Educational Intervention on Type 2 Diabetes in a Miami-Dade Homeless Population

Resumen: Objetivo: Las personas sin hogar tienen significativamente más necesidades de salud y tasas más altas de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como más hospitalizaciones y/o rehospitalizaciones que la población en general, causadas por factores como la pobreza extrema, el acceso deficiente a la atención médica y los desafíos en la adherencia a los medicamentos, por lo cual el presente estudio se propuso aplicar una intervención educativa sobre la diabetes tipo 2, dirigida a las personas sin hogar residentes en un refugio, con el fin de mejorar las técnicas de autocontrol y autocuidado de esta enfermedad crónica. Materiales y métodos: La intervención educativa fue realizada en un refugio para personas sin hogar de Miami Dade, con 250 participantes y consistió en tres sesiones de autocontrol y autocuidado de la diabetes y una lista de recursos de la comunidad en el idioma de preferencia de la persona (inglés o español). Las evaluaciones incluyeron una encuesta antes y después de la intervención y una evaluación previa y posterior mediante el cuestionario Diabetes Knowledge (DKQ-24). Resultados: Datos demográficos: 88% hombres y 12% mujeres, 40% hispanos, 36% afroamericanos, 26% caucásicos, idioma 64% inglés y 36% español. Hubo una diferencia significativa en la medición antes y después de dos meses de la intervención educativa (p <0,000). Conclusiones: La intervención educativa para mejorar la calidad de vida, el autocontrol y el autocuidado de los pacientes sin hogar con diabetes tipo 2 tuvo un efecto positivo y estos resultados pueden proporcionar la base para intervenciones futuras que ayuden a los profesionales de la salud a identificar las necesidades y abordarlas a través de intervenciones educativas adaptadas al contexto. Aprobación n. IRB 17-OR-372-ME del Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Abstract: Objective: Homeless people have significantly more health needs and higher rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as more hospitalizations and / or rehospitalizations than the general population, caused by factors such as extreme poverty, poor access to medical care and the challenges in adherence to medications, for which the present study set out to apply an educational intervention on type 2 diabetes, aimed at homeless people living in a shelter, in order to improve self-control and self-care techniques of this chronic disease. Materials and methods: The educational intervention was conducted in a Miami Dade homeless shelter with 250 participants and consisted of three diabetes self- management and self-care sessions and a list of community resources in the preferred language of the community. person (English or Spanish). The evaluations included a survey before and after the intervention and a pre- and post-evaluation using the Diabetes Knowledge questionnaire (DKQ-24). Results: Demographic data: 88% male and 12% female, 40% Hispanic, 36% African American, 26% Caucasian, 64% English and 36% Spanish language. There was a significant difference in the measurement before and after two months of the educational intervention (p <0.001). Conclusions: Educational intervention to improve the quality of life, self-control, and self-care of homeless patients with type 2 diabetes had a positive effect and these results may provide the basis for future interventions that help health professionals to identify needs and address them through context-specific educational interventions. Approval n. IRB 17-OR-372-ME of the Institutional Review Board (IRB).

Impact of an educational intervention on knowledge and attitude regarding pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting among postgraduate students of a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Doctors doing postgraduation (PG) are backbone of any teaching-hospital and are in close contact with patients. It is important they have adequate knowledge and attitude towards adverse drug reaction (ADR)-reporting and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI). Aim and Objectives: To study the impact of an educational intervention on knowledge and attitude of 1st year PG residents toward ADR reporting and Pharmacovigilance. Materials and Methods: An educational intervention was conducted among 1st-year postgraduate students, including a lecture on importance and need of pharmacovigilance, hands-on-training on how to fill Suspected ADR Reporting Form and group based interactive discussion. Knowledge and attitude of participants were recorded in pre-post intervention questionnaire and analyzed. Results: Sixty-three postgraduate students from clinical (82.5%), paraclinical (12.7%), and preclinical (4.7%) departments participated. Mean test-score improved from 7.27 to 11.65 (P < 0.005). Need for pharmacovigilance, ADR-reporting related terminologies, PvPI, who can report and where to report ADR, signal generation, types of ADR-forms, and legal implications of reporting were the major areas with significant improvement. About 87% agreed post-intervention that ADRs are a major cause of morbidity, 96% agreed there should be an ADR-Reporting Centre in every institute and 92% agreed they will try to find whether some drug might be responsible for any unusual symptom in patient. Conclusion: Educational intervention could improve knowledge as well as attitude toward ADR reporting among postgraduate doctors, long-term impact needs further assessment.

Intervención educativa sobre traumatismos dentales en maestros primarios y auxiliares pedagógicas

RESUMEN Introducción: las lesiones traumáticas de los dientes ocurren frecuentemente en el ambiente escolar. Sin embargo, los maestros no están preparados para proporcionar un adecuado manejo ante esta situación. Objetivos: evaluar la efectividad de una estrategia educativa sobre conocimientos ante traumatismos dentales en maestros primarios y auxiliares pedagógicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de tipo intervención educativa. El universo estuvo constituido por 37 maestros primarios y auxiliares pedagógicas de la escuela primaria Juan Lefont Alonso, a los que se les evaluó, mediante encuesta, el nivel de conocimientos previo y posterior a la intervención. Se empleó la variable nivel de conocimientos sobre traumatismo dental. La información fue procesada de forma automatizada. Los datos obtenidos se plasmaron en tablas. Resultados: al aplicar la encuesta, el 86,5 % de los maestros y las auxiliares pedagógicas no tenían los conocimientos adecuados sobre trauma dental en niños; el 97,3 % desconocía las consecuencias de los mismos, y un 2,7 % sí sabía qué hacer ante estos eventos. Tras la intervención, se evidenció un incremento del nivel de conocimientos sobre los temas abordados, debido a que el 91,8 % de los encuestados mostraron los conocimientos adecuados para afrontar estos accidentes. Conclusiones: la intervención educativa aplicada fue efectiva, al lograr un incremento notable del nivel de conocimientos de los maestros y las auxiliares pedagógicas sobre traumatismos dentales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: traumatic lesions of the teeth often occur in the school environment. However, teachers are not prepared to provide adequate management in this situation. Objective: to assess the effectiveness of an educative strategy on knowledge of dental trauma in primary teachers and pedagogical assistants. Materials and methods: a quasi-experimental study of educational intervention type was carried out. The universe were 37 primary teachers and pedagogical assistants from the primary school Juan Lefont Acosta, whose level of knowledge before and after intervention were assessed. The variable level of knowledge on dental trauma was used. The information was processed in an automated way. The data obtained were shown in tables. Results: when applying the survey, 86.5 % of the teachers and pedagogical assistants did not have adequate knowledge on dental trauma in children; 97.3 % were unaware of the consequences, and 2.7 % did know what to do in the face of these events. After the intervention, there was evidence of an increase of the level of knowledge on the topics addressed, because 91.8 % of the enquired persons showed the knowledge to deal with these accidents. Conclusions: the applied educative intervention was effective, achieving a notable increase of the level of knowledge of the teachers and pedagogical assistants on dental trauma.

Uso de tecnologías de información y comunicación para promover la autogestión de ulceras por pie diabético / Use of information and communication technologies to promote self-management of diabetic foot ulcers

Introducción: El uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación en las intervenciones educativas de enfermería facilita los procesos de autogestión para lograr la adaptación en las condiciones crónicas de salud. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de una intervención educativa de enfermería para promover la autogestión en la prevención de ulceras por pie diabético en adultos diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en Colombia mediante la inclusión de las tecnologías de la Información y comunicación. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasi experimental con medición pre y post intervención realizado con 82 adultos que asistían a la consulta de enfermedades crónicas de un hospital de segundo nivel de atención en el departamento de Boyacá Colombia Los grupos fueron asignados aleatoriamente a los grupos experimental y comparación. Los datos fueron recolectados a partir de una ficha de caracterización y un cuestionario de autogestión. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos de experimental y comparación en términos de puntaje de autogestión, previo a la intervención. Sin embargo, el puntaje promedio de autogestión del grupo experimental fue significativamente mayor que el del grupo control 6 semanas después de la intervención (p<0.005) el resultado primario fueron los comportamientos de autogestión dados desde el cuidado de los pies. Se usaron las pruebas no paramétricas de Wilcoxon y Mann Whitney. Discusión: Las intervenciones de enfermería deben soportarse en enfoques teóricos propios de la disciplina, que permita visualizar resultados específicos, en este caso la autogestión la cual requiere de estrategias como el conocimiento, la habilidad y el soporte social que apoyaran la adaptación para las situaciones de enfermedad crónica. Conclusión: La intervención educativa a partir del uso de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación mejoro la autogestión para la prevención de heridas en pie diabético, logrando las personas un cambio en su comportamiento.

Introduction: Using information and communication technologies in nursing educational interventions facilitates self-management processes to adapt to chronic health conditions. Objetive:To evaluate the effect of a nursing educational intervention to promote self-management and prevent diabetic foot ulcers in Colombian adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus through information and communication technologies. Materials and Methods:A quasi-experimental, pre- and post-intervention study was conducted with 82 adults attending the chronic patient consultation of a second-level hospital in the department of Boyacá, Colombia. Participants were randomly allocated to the experimental and comparison groups. Results: There were no significant differences between the experimental and the comparison groups in terms of preintervention self-management scores. However, the experimental group's mean self-management score was significantly higher than the control group's six weeks after the intervention (p<0.005); the primary outcome was self-management behaviors from foot care. Nonparametric Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests were used. Discussion:Nursing interventions should be supported by theoretical approaches specific to the discipline, which allow visualizing specific results, in this case self-management, which requires strategies such as knowledge, skills and social support that will support adaptation to situations of chronic illness. Conclusions: The educational intervention based on the use of information and communication technologies improved self-management for preventing diabetic foot injuries, achieving a change in people's behavior.

Introdução: O uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação nas intervenções educativas de enfermagem facilita os processos de autogestão para alcançar a adaptação em condições crônicas de saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção educativa de enfermagem para promover o autogerenciamento na prevenção de úlceras do pé diabético em adultos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 na Colômbia por meio da inclusão de tecnologias de informação e comunicação. Materiais e métodos: Estudo quase experimental com mensuração pré e pós-intervenção realizado com 82 adultos atendidos no ambulatório de doenças crônicas de um hospital de atenção secundária do departamento de Boyacá, Colômbia. Os grupos foram aleatoriamente designados para o experimento e comparação grupos. Os dados foram coletados a partir de uma ficha de caracterização e de um questionário de autogestão. Resultados: não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos experimental e de comparação quanto ao escore de autogestão, antes da intervenção. No entanto, a pontuação média de autogerenciamento do grupo experimental foi significativamente maior do que a do grupo controle 6 semanas após a intervenção (p<0,005), sendo o desfecho primário os comportamentos de autogestão dados a partir do cuidado com os pés. Foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e Mann Whitney. Discussão: As intervenções de enfermagem devem ser apoiadas por abordagens teóricas específicas da disciplina, que permitam a visualização de resultados específicos, neste caso a autogestão que requer estratégias tais como conhecimentos, competências e apoio social que apoiem a adaptação a situações de doença crónica. Conclusões: A intervenção educativa baseada no uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação melhorou a autogestão para a prevenção de lesões no pé diabético, proporcionando às pessoas uma mudança no seu comportamento.

Assessment of Rational Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Ward in A Teaching Hospital

Introduction:Antibiotics are a class of natural and synthetic compounds that inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms. These are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine. The use of antibiotics has contributed to the dramatic fall in morbidity from communicable and infectious diseases over the last 50 years globally. Overuse of antibiotic is one of the most important factors for the development and spread of resistance in the hospital, as well as in the community. Methodology:The present study was conducted in pediatric ward of a tertiary care institute. The study population included 250 children. The group consisted of 250 consecutive children admitted in one unit of the pediatric ward and they were analyzed for antibiotic use without any prior priming of the members of the unit regarding rationality of antibiotic use. Results: Age and sex wise distribution of 250 children included in the study. Of these 166(57%) were males and 84 (43%) were females. 60 received antibiotics for respiratory tract infections, this being the commonest disease for which antibiotics were received. 55 (44%) children received antibiotics in rational way. Conclusion: From this study it is clear that there is lack of proper rational antibiotic usage by unit doctors. To conclude it can be stated that inappropriate use of antibiotics is increasing and is responsible for rapidly developing antimicrobial resistance. To increase rational use of antibiotics the members of the unit (treating physicians) should be motivated regarding correct uses of antibiotics and hazards of their inappropriate use. A proper workshop should be arranged for this

Estrategia educativa sobre COVID-19 en adultos mayores de la Casa de Abuelos Esperanza de Tínima

RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 exige que la población se familiarice con sus características para su identificación y prevención, sobre todo los adultos mayores, por ser los más vulnerables. Objetivo: impartir una estrategia educativa sobre la COVID-19 a los adultos mayores de la Casa de Abuelos Esperanza de Tínima, pertenecientes al Policlínico Comunitario Docente Joaquín de Agüero y Agüero, del municipio Camagüey. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención educativa durante el período de julio a septiembre de 2020. El universo estuvo conformado por los 23 adultos mayores de la Casa de Abuelos Esperanza de Tínima, quienes ofrecieron su consentimiento informado para participar en la investigación. A estos se les aplicó un cuestionario antes y después de la estrategia educativa. Los datos se procesaron a través del paquete estadístico SPSS 21.0 y se resumieron mediante la frecuencia absoluta y relativa. Resultados: antes de implementar la estrategia educativa, se observó que los adultos mayores presentaban un desconocimiento del agente causal de la enfermedad (60,9 %), de las manifestaciones clínicas (56,4 %), de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes (69,6 %), de las vías de transmisión (65,3 %) y de las medidas de prevención (56,4 %). Conclusiones: la estrategia educativa diseñada e implementada contribuyó al incremento del nivel de información de los adultos mayores sobre la COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic demands the population to become familiar with its characteristics in order to identify and prevent it, mainly elder people because they are the most vulnerable. Objective: to impart an educational strategy on COVID-19 to elder people from the elders home Esperanza de Tínima, belonging to the Teaching Community Policlinic Joaquín de Agüero y Agüero, municipality of Camaguey. Materials and methods: an educational intervention was acrriedout during the period from July to September 2020. The universe was formed by 23 elder people from the elders home Esperanza de Tínima who gave their informant consent to participate in the research. They applied a questionnaire before and after educational strategy. Data were processed using the statistical package SPSS 21.0 and summarized through absolute and relative frequency. Results: before implementing the educational strategy, it was detected that elder people showed lack of knowledge of the disease causal agent (60.9 %), its clinical manifestations (56.4 %); of the most frequent chronic diseases (69.6 %), of the transmission ways (65.3 %) and of the prevention measures (56.4 %). Conclusions: the designed and implemented educational strategy contributed to increase the information level elder people have on COVID-19.

Estrategia de intervención sobre educación sexual en estudiantes universitarios / Intervention strategy on sexual education in university students

Las estrategias preventivas para la salud sexual y reproductiva se han convertido en una prioridad de salud pública, gran cantidad de jóvenes tienen comportamientos sexuales que comprometen su vida, de ahí que no solo los sistemas de salud deben dar respuesta a esta situación, sino también las distintas organizaciones comunitarias, que además de los problemas de salud que pueden derivarse de esas conductas inadecuadas, se encarecen considerablemente los costos de la atención sanitaria. Luego de la intervención, en todos los ítems explorados se obtuvo mayor puntuación en el grupo de estudio que en el grupo control, con significancia estadística p<0,005. Asimismo, el grupo de estudio, después de la intervención mejoró significativamente sus puntajes de media (calificación general: 131,7; IC 95%: 128,9-134,5), p<0,001. Se demostró asociaciones positivas entre recibir educación sexual y la mejor comprensión de varios comportamientos de riesgo sexual, conocimiento, motivación y habilidades, otorgándoles a los jóvenes información para que tomen de manera responsables decisiones acerca de su vida sexual(AU)

Preventive strategies for sexual and reproductive health have become a public health priority, a large number of young people have sexual behaviors that compromise their lives, hence not only health systems must respond to this situation, but also different community organizations, which in addition to the health problems that may arise from these inappropriate behaviors, considerably increase the cost of health care. After the intervention, in all the items explored, a higher score was obtained in the study group than in the control group, with statistical significance p<0.005. Likewise, the study group, after the intervention, significantly improved their mean scores (general score: 131.7; 95% CI: 128.9-134.5), p<0.001. Positive associations were shown between receiving sex education and better understanding of various sexual risk behaviors, knowledge, motivation and skills, giving young people information to make responsible decisions about their sexual lives(AU)

Control del sobrepeso y la obesidad en adultos de Chimborazo, Ecuador / Educational Intervention for Controlling Overtight and Obesity in Adults from Chimborazo Province, Ecuador

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad constituyen factores de riesgo para múltiples enfermedades crónicas. Sin embargo, pueden ser controlados si existe un nivel de conocimiento adecuado de sus elementos generales, lo cual en muchas ocasiones se desconoce. Objetivo: Aplicar una intervención educativa relacionada con sobrepeso y obesidad en la población adulta de la parroquia rural San Gerardo de la provincia Chimborazo, Ecuador. Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación aplicada, con diseño cuasiexperimental consistente en una intervención educativa en adultos. El universo estuvo constituido por 474 personas, de las cuales 213 formaron la muestra de investigación. La intervención incluyó actividades teóricas y prácticas desarrolladas durante 4 meses. Se aplicó cuestionario de investigación para identificar nivel de conocimiento. El estado nutricional se determinó mediante la determinación del índice de masa corporal. Se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica de McNemar para identificar cambios en el nivel de conocimiento secundario a la aplicación de la intervención educativa. Resultados: Promedio de edad de 44,23 años y predominio de féminas (60,56 por ciento). El 41,78 por ciento de las personas reportó al menos una enfermedad, donde la hipertensión arterial (50,56 por ciento) fue la más representada. Al inicio del estudio predominaron las personas con nivel bajo de conocimiento (70,89 por ciento), durante el postest el 55,87 por ciento alcanzó un nivel medio y el 34,27 por ciento nivel alto. Conclusiones: El comportamiento del nivel de conocimiento relacionado con el sobrepeso y la obesidad durante el pretest de las personas que participaron en la investigación fue bajo. El nivel de conocimiento después de realizada la intervención educativa fue medio, seguidos de las personas con nivel alto. La aplicación de esta intervención contribuye al control del sobrepeso y la obesidad(AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are risk factors for multiple chronic diseases. However, they can be controlled if there is an adequate level of knowledge of their general elements, which is often unknown. Objective: To apply an educational intervention related to overweight and obesity in the adult population of the rural parish of San Gerardo in Chimborazo Province, Ecuador. Methods: An applied research was developed, with a quasiexperimental design, consisting in an educational intervention with adults. The universe consisted of 474 people, 213 of whom made up the research sample. The intervention included theoretical and practical activities developed during four months. A research questionnaire was applied to identify the level of knowledge. Nutritional status was determined by determining the body mass index. McNemar's nonparametric test was applied to identify changes in the level of knowledge after the application of the educational intervention. Results: The average age was 44.23 years, while there was a predominance of females (60.56 percent). At least one disease was reported by 41.78 percent of the people, with arterial hypertension (50.56 percent) being the most represented. At the beginning of the study, people with low level of knowledge predominated (70.89 percent); during the posttest, 55.87 percent reached a medium level and 34.27 percent reached a high level. Conclusions: During the pretest, the level of knowledge related to overweight and obesity of the people who participated in the research was low. After the educational intervention, their level of knowledge was medium, followed by people with a high level. The application of this intervention contributes to overweight and obesity control(AU)

Intervención educativa sobre embarazo en la adolescencia / Educational Intervention with Adolescent about Adolescent Pregnancy

Introducción: El embarazo en la adolescencia determina serios problemas de índole biológico, psicológico y social en la joven gestante. Objetivo: Elevar el nivel de conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio preexperimental de intervención educativa sobre embarazo en adolescentes del Consultorio Médico del Pino perteneciente al Policlínico Docente Fermín Valdés Domínguez del municipio Baracoa en el período de enero 2019 a octubre 2020. El universo estuvo conformado por los 103 adolescentes del área que no tenían trastornos mentales asociados, que afectaran la comprensión del estudio. Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria simple de 30 adolescentes que dieron su consentimiento para participar. La recolección del dato primario se obtuvo de la encuesta aplicada antes y después. Resultados: Se observó un predominio de adolescentes del sexo femenino, con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 16 años. Existía un desconocimiento inicial sobre aspectos relacionados con el embarazo en la adolescencia y se mostró un incremento posintervención del nivel de conocimiento en torno a estos. Conclusiones: Se incrementó el nivel de conocimiento sobre el embarazo en la adolescencia, lo que evidencia la efectividad de la intervención educativa(AU)

Introduction: Adolescent pregnancy determines serious biological, psychological and social problems in the young pregnant woman. Objective: To raise the level of knowledge of adolescents about adolescent pregnancy. Methods: A preexperimental study of educational intervention about adolescent pregnancy was carried, from January 2019 to October 2020, at Del Pino family doctor's office belonging to Fermín Valdés Domínguez Teaching Polyclinic, Baracoa Municipality. The universe was made up of the 103 adolescents from the area who did not have any associated mental disorders that would affect the understanding of the study. A simple random sample of thirty adolescents who gave their consent to participate was selected. The primary data collection was obtained from the survey applied before and after. Results: There was a predominance of female adolescents between fourteen and sixteen years of age. There was an initial lack of knowledge about aspects related to adolescent pregnancy, while a postintervention increase was shown with respect to the level of knowledge about such aspects. Conclusions: There was an increase in the level of knowledge about adolescent pregnancy, which evidences the effectiveness of the educational intervention(AU)

Intervención educativa sobre la sexualidad aplicada a trabajadoras de la educación especial / An Educational Intervention about Sexuality Applied to Special Education Workers

Introducción: La educación especial garantiza una atención de calidad para todas las personas con necesidades educativas especiales, en ella se desarrollan actividades para favorecer su aprendizaje y la inserción social. Las educadoras deben tener los conocimientos apropiados sobre diferentes temas, tales como la sexualidad. Objetivo: Incrementar el conocimiento sobre la sexualidad en las trabajadoras de la educación especial a través de una intervención educativa. Métodos: Se aplicó una intervención educativa validada por expertos, con diseño antes-después, a las trabajadoras que laboran en el Círculo Infantil Especial Zunzún, del municipio Playa. La intervención consistió en talleres sobre el conocimiento de algunos aspectos relacionados con la sexualidad. Resultados: La mayoría de las educadoras (17 / 62 por ciento) refirió haber recibido información sobre sexualidad, las fuentes más citadas fueron: el personal de salud del centro (18 / 66,6 por ciento), programas de radio y televisión (9 / 33,3 por ciento) y cursos de posgrado (7 / 25,9 por ciento). Antes de aplicada la intervención educativa existía desconocimiento de los principales contenidos teóricos y prácticos, después de la intervención aumentó el conocimiento y su actuación en relación con la sexualidad. Conclusión: La aplicación de la intervención educativa amplió los conocimientos sobre la sexualidad en las trabajadoras de la educación especial(AU)

Introduction: Special education guarantees quality care for all the people with special educational needs, since it includes activities developed to favor their learning and social involvement. Educators must have the appropriate knowledge about different topics, such as sexuality. Objectives: To increase knowledge about sexuality in special education workers through an educational intervention. Methods: An educational intervention validated by experts, with a before and after design, was applied to the workers from the children's special care center Zunzún, in Playa Municipality. The intervention consisted in workshops on the knowledge about some aspects related to sexuality. Results: Most of the educators (17/62 percent) reported having received information about sexuality; the most cited sources were the center's health personnel (18/66.6 percent), radio and television programs (9/33.3 percent), and postgraduate courses (7/25.9 percent). Before the educational intervention was applied, there was a lack of knowledge about the main theoretical and practical contents; after the intervention, their knowledge and performance with respect to sexuality increased. Conclusion: The application of the educational intervention increased the knowledge about sexuality in special education workers(AU)

Exploring the elements of educational intervention for sustainable trachoma prevention programs / 国際保健医療

Objective  To explore and extract the elements of educational intervention from sustainable trachoma prevention programs in developing countries particularly in Africa.Methods  Literature review was conducted with the search engine, PubMed, with extracting keywords as “Trachoma, intervention, education, SAFE, hygiene, WASH, sustainable, sustainability, and elimination”. After carefully reading the extracted literature and assessing the sustainability of the interventions conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, using analytical standpoint determined by the JICA evaluation items on sustainability, the elements of educational interventions were categorized.Result  Twenty-two articles were extracted and 10 articles that specifically state effectiveness and contents of intervention were selected for analysis. Five categories with elements of educational intervention were classified as follows: [Education in school age and community], [Intangible and tangible support], [Guidance of constructing latrines], [Guidance on how to use equipment and resources], and [Continuation of knowledge and skill transfer activities].Discussion  The results of this study suggested the significance of conducting educational intervention, not only the construction but also the management and maintenance of latrines, and the effectiveness of habituation of hygiene behavior to school children by implementing hygiene education at schools which behavior may also diffuse at home. Challenges remained in trachoma prevention effort who are left out of the support, such as unenrolled children who are unable to receive school hygiene education, and/or those who are inaccessible to clean water.Conclusion  Elements for educational intervention in sustainable trachoma prevention were examined in this study. It was shown that continuous holistic efforts should be made for the educational interventions as well as for the improvement of accessibility of clean water and hygiene without leaving people and the least developed countries behind.